‘Westernisation’ and ‘Tradition’
Successive generations of Japanese intellectuals held differing perspectives on Japan’s relations with other countries. Some viewed the USA and Western European nations as the epitome of civilization, which Japan should follow. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a prominent Meiji-era intellectual, advocated for Japan to “expel Asia” and adopt Western characteristics. Born into a samurai family, Fukuzawa studied Western sciences and languages, traveling to the USA as a translator for the first Japanese embassy. He emphasized the importance of Western learning and established Keio University. In his work “The Encouragement to Learning,” Fukuzawa criticized Japanese knowledge and promoted the cultural essence of the West as essential for building a modern society.
However, the next generation of intellectuals questioned this wholesale acceptance of Western ideas and advocated for national pride based on indigenous values. Philosophers like Miyake Setsurei argued that each nation should develop its unique talents for the benefit of global civilization. While some intellectuals were drawn to Western liberalism and democracy, others, like Ueki Emori, pushed for constitutional government and liberal education. This pressure from intellectuals eventually led to the government’s announcement of a constitution, reflecting evolving views on Japan’s place in the world and its internal governance.
Chapter 7: ‘Westernisation’ and ‘Tradition’| Class 11 History Notes
For many Japanese intellectuals during the Meiji period, the West represented the pinnacle of civilization, and Japan’s future lay in emulating Western ideals. Fukuzawa Yukichi, a prominent Meiji intellectual, epitomized this perspective by advocating for Japan to “expel Asia” and adopt Western customs and values. This fervent embrace of Westernization was seen as essential for Japan’s modernization and global stature.
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