Blood Groups
The most well-known blood group system is the ABO system, which categorizes blood into four main types: A, B, AB, and O.
- Blood Type A: People with blood type A have A antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and produce antibodies against type B antigens in their plasma. They can receive blood from individuals with blood types A and O (with A being preferable) and can donate blood to individuals with blood types A and AB.
- Blood Type B: Individuals with blood type B have B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells and produce antibodies against type A antigens in their plasma. They can receive blood from individuals with blood types B and O (with B being preferable) and can donate blood to individuals with blood types B and AB.
- Blood Type AB: People with blood type AB have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells but do not produce antibodies against either A or B antigens in their plasma. They can receive blood from individuals with all blood types (A, B, AB, and O), making them universal recipients. However, they can only donate blood to individuals with blood type AB.
- Blood Type O: Individuals with blood type O have neither A nor B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells but produce antibodies against both A and B antigens in their plasma. They are considered universal donors because their blood can be given to individuals with any blood type (A, B, AB, and O). However, people with blood type O can only receive blood from individuals with blood type O.
Rh System
Another important blood group system is the Rh system, which classifies blood into Rh-positive (+) or Rh-negative (-) based on the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on RBCs. Rh-positive individuals have the Rh antigen, while Rh-negative individuals lack it. Rh-positive blood can be given to Rh-positive and Rh-negative individuals, but Rh-negative blood should only be given to Rh-negative individuals.
Body Fluids and Circulation
Class 11 Notes Body Fluids and Circulation: Body liquids are the mode of transport of supplements, oxygen, and other significant substances in the body. They supply the cells with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products, which are then excreted in the urine. As body temperature rises, blood flow to the skin increases, allowing heat from sweat to dissipate, thus maintaining a constant body temperature. There are several types of body fluids, including blood, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, and various secretions. The most prominent among them is blood, which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and immune cells to different tissues and organs. Blood also transports waste products, such as carbon dioxide and metabolic byproducts, to the appropriate organs for elimination.
Mainly, our body has two types of fluids-
- Intracellular Fluid– The fluid which is present inside the cell.
- Extracellular Fluid– The fluid which is present outside the cell is known as extracellular fluid. Example ( blood, lymph, etc)
The circulatory system comprises two main components: the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the lungs for oxygenation. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins transport deoxygenated blood toward the heart.