Deterioration of Water Quality

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies by various pollutants such as microorganisms, chemicals, industrial waste, and other substances. Pollutants enter lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans, deteriorating water quality and rendering it unsuitable for human use. The Ganga and Yamuna rivers in India are among the most polluted water bodies due to high levels of contamination.

Major Cities along the Ganga and its Tributaries

Cities such as Delhi, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Lucknow are located along the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries. These cities are hubs for various industries, contributing to pollution levels in the rivers.

Water Conservation and Management

With declining freshwater availability and increasing demand, there is a pressing need to conserve and manage water resources effectively. India must develop policies and laws and adopt measures for conservation, including watershed development, rainwater harvesting, and water recycling. Preventing pollution from agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources is also crucial.

Impact of Intensive Irrigation on Agriculture

Intensive irrigation in states like Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh is causing salinity in the soil and depletion of groundwater. This overuse of groundwater resources has led to a decline in the groundwater table and increased concentrations of fluoride and arsenic in certain areas of West Bengal and Bihar. These impacts can adversely affect agricultural productivity, soil quality, and overall environmental health. Efforts are needed to mitigate these effects through sustainable water management practices and public awareness initiatives.

Water resources play a crucial role in sustaining human life, economic activities, and ecological balance. However, India faces challenges related to the uneven distribution, utilization, and management of these vital resources.

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