Hyderabad

Geographical Context

  • Hyderabad, the largest of the Princely States, was completely surrounded by Indian territory, with parts of its former territory now belonging to Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh.
  • Ruled by the Nizam, Hyderabad was known for its immense wealth, making the Nizam one of the wealthiest individuals globally.

Standstill Agreement

  • In November 1947, the Nizam entered into a Standstill Agreement with India, seeking an independent status for Hyderabad while negotiations with the Indian government were ongoing.

Peasant Movement

  • Opposition to the Nizam’s rule intensified within Hyderabad State, particularly in the Telangana region, where the peasantry suffered under oppressive conditions.
  • The movement gained momentum, with women, who experienced severe oppression, actively participating in large numbers.

Challenges of nation building| Class 12 Political Science Notes

Challenges of Nation building: The first few years in the life of independent India were full of challenges. Some of the most pressing ones concerned the national unity and territorial integrity of India. We begin the story of politics in India since independence by looking at how three of these challenges of nation-building were successfully negotiated in the first decade after 1947.

Table of Content

  • Challenges Faced in Nation-Building
  • Responses to Challenges
  • Partition
  • Partition Decision
  • Gandhi Ji’s Sacrifice
  • Integration of Princely States
  • Role of Government
  • Hyderabad
  • Manipur

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Challenges Faced in Nation-Building

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Responses to Challenges

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Partition

August 14-15, 1947: Establishment of two nation-states – India and Pakistan. Partition: Division of British India into India and Pakistan. Two-nation theory: Muslims and Hindus as distinct ‘people’, leading to the demand for Pakistan by the Muslim League. Political opposition: Congress opposed the two-nation theory and the demand for Pakistan....

Partition Decision

India’s partition into India and Pakistan was based on the principle of religious majorities, with Muslim-majority areas forming Pakistan. The division aimed to address the communal tensions and demands for separate Muslim and Hindu nations. However, implementing the partition proved challenging due to the non-contiguous nature of Muslim-majority regions and the opposition from some leaders like Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan. The decision led to the creation of West Pakistan and East Pakistan, separated by Indian territory, to accommodate the two concentrated Muslim-majority areas....

Gandhi Ji’s Sacrifice

Gandhi’s Absence on Independence Day...

Integration of Princely States

British India was divided into what were called the British Indian Provinces and the Princely States. The British Indian Provinces were directly under the control of the British government. On the other hand, several large and small states ruled by princes, called the Princely States, enjoyed some form of control over their internal affairs as long as they accepted British supremacy. This was called paramountcy or suzerainty of the British crown. Princely States covered one-third of the land area of the British Indian Empire and one out of four Indians lived under princely rule....

Role of Government

Firm Government Stance...

Hyderabad

Geographical Context...

Manipur

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Conclusion – Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 1 Challenges of Nation Building

India’s journey since independence has been marked by significant achievements in nation-building, democracy, and socio-economic development. Despite enduring challenges, including regional disparities and social inequalities, India has demonstrated resilience and progress. Looking ahead, continued efforts towards inclusive growth, democratic values, and social justice will be essential for India’s continued advancement and prosperity....

FAQs on Class 12 Political Science Notes Chapter 1 Challenges of Nation Building

What were the immediate challenges faced by India after attaining independence in 1947?...