Here are some other important rulers who ruled the Mongol Empire after Genghis Khan as mentioned below.
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Batu Khan (c. 1205 – 1255)
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- He was the leader of the Golden Horde.
- Batu Khan was born around 1205 in central Mongolia, the grandson of Genghis Khan through his father Jochi.
- Mongol forces were divided into three groups, devastating Poland, Hungary, and Austria in 1241-1242.
- Pope Gregory IX and Emperor Frederick II called for a holy war against the Mongols, but internal conflicts in Europe made coordination difficult.
- After Ögedei’s death and Güyük Khan’s rise to power, Batu Khan considered more raids into Europe but returned to Mongolia due to political changes.
- Batu Khan passed away in 1255, ending his rule over the Golden Horde. His son Sartaq briefly took over but did not continue European invasions.
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Möngke Khan (1209 – 1251)
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- Möngke Khan, born in 1209, was a cousin to Batu Khan and a grandson of Genghis Khan, being the son of Genghis’ fourth son, Tolui.
- He participated in his first battle at the age of 21, riding against the Jin Dynasty alongside his father in 1230.
- He implemented administrative reforms, allowing freedom of religion and introducing fairer taxation systems.
- Möngke expanded the Mongol Empire’s territory through military campaigns led by his brothers Hulegu and Kublai Khan.
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Kublai Khan (1215 – 1294)
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- Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, was Möngke’s younger brother, known as one of the most famous Mongol leaders.
- Not much is known about his childhood, but he was good at hunting from a young age and learned Mongolian reading and writing from his mother.
- The Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty ruled China until 1368.
- Kublai Khan made some changes in how things were run, including starting the Mongol postal service in China for quick communication.
- The explorer Marco Polo visited Kublai Khan’s court in 1275 and impressed the Khan, who sent him on several diplomatic trips.
- Kublai Khan tried to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281, but both times failed, especially the latter because of a big storm.
- He also tried to invade Java (Indonesia) in 1293, but his troops couldn’t handle the hot weather and diseases.
- Kublai Khan favored Mongols in society, putting them at the top and making Northern and Southern Chinese pay more taxes.
- After his wife and son died, Kublai Khan got sick, became very overweight, and died in 1294 at 79 years old, buried in Mongolia.
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Timur (Tamerlane) (1336 – 1405)
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- Timur, also known as Tamerlane, was born around Samarkand, Uzbekistan, and was nicknamed “Timur the Lame” due to a leg injury.
- Despite his disability, he became a powerful leader, controlling much of the Chagatai territory by his mid-thirties.
- Timur’s armies organized into groups called tumen, comprised fighters from diverse backgrounds.
- He focused on expanding his empire for about 35 years, leading campaigns across the Mongolian Steppe and into the Middle East and Europe.
- Timur’s conquest of Persia in the 1380s significantly weakened the Persian Empire.
- He was obsessed with controlling the Silk Road, often leading to conflicts with other empires and territories.
- Timur rejected overtures from the Chinese Ming Dynasty, leading to tensions and the imprisonment of Chinese envoys.
- Despite attempts at diplomacy, Timur remained hostile towards China, which persisted even after a change in Ming leadership.
- In 1405, Timur died while en route to attack the Ming Dynasty in China, leaving behind the Timurid Empire in Persia.
- His legacy endured through the Timurid Empire, which lasted until 1507 before being absorbed into the Mughal Empire.
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Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire is important in the history of Eurasia. The Mongol Empire (1206-1368) was founded by Genghis Khan. He was the first ‘universal ruler’ of the Mongols. He and his army started to conquer the lands aggressively. At last, they set up an empire from the Mongolian plateau to the Adriatic Sea which covered around one-third of Asia. Genghis was a strong and determined person with a complex personality. He ruled the Mongol empire for 21 years, from 1206 to 1227.
In this article, we are going to discuss the Mongol empire in detail.
Table of Content
- Mongol Empire (1206-1368) – Overview
- Genghis Khan (1162-1227) – The Leader Of Mongols
- Mongol Empire Under Genghis Khan
- Legacy – Genghis Khan
- Genghis Khan Death
- Major Rulers After Genghis Khan – Mongol Empire
- Trade and Commerce During Mongal Empire
- Mongol Empire Expansion Across Asia and Europe
- Mongol Empire’s Impact on World History
- Conclusion – Mongol Empire