New cities

Numerous urban centers began appearing across various regions of the subcontinent around the sixth century BCE. A considerable number of these are the capitals of mahajanapadas, ancient kingdoms of that time.

The major towns were strategically situated along trade and communication routes. Some were positioned along riverine routes, while others were nestled along land routes. A few were located near the coast, marking the starting points of sea routes.

Cities like Mathura thrived as bustling hubs of cultural, commercial, and political activities.

Chapter 2 Towns and Trade| Class 12 History Notes

Class 12 History Notes Chapter 2 Towns and Trade: In Chapter 2 of Class 12 History Notes, we learn about ancient Indian towns and trading in a way that’s easy to understand. It tells us that from about 600 BCE, India had roads and sea routes for trading with faraway places. People traded things like salt, cloth, spices, and even gold and silver. They started using coins too. These coins were made of silver or copper and had pictures or symbols on them. We know all this from old things found underground and from ancient writings. By understanding and going through these notes, students will develop a strong understanding of the important topics.

Our History Notes Class 12 is a valuable resource to enhance your problem-solving skills and prepare for your Social Science Class 12 exams. By utilizing our comprehensive notes, you can develop a strong foundation in History and improve your problem-solving skills.

Chapter 2 Towns and Trade| Class 12 History Notes

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New cities

Numerous urban centers began appearing across various regions of the subcontinent around the sixth century BCE. A considerable number of these are the capitals of mahajanapadas, ancient kingdoms of that time....

Urban populations Elites and craftspersons

We’ve observed that kings and ruling elites resided in fortified cities. While extensive excavations are challenging due to current habitation (unlike the Harappan cities), numerous artifacts have been unearthed. These artifacts include fine pottery bowls and dishes, notably the glossy Northern Black Polished Ware, likely used by the affluent. Ornaments, tools, weapons, vessels, and figurines made from various materials like gold, silver, copper, bronze, ivory, glass, shell, and terracotta have been discovered....

Trade in the subcontinent and beyond

From around the sixth century BCE, there were many routes across India. Some went over land, stretching into Central Asia and beyond. Others went overseas, starting from ports along the coast. They went across the Arabian Sea to East and North Africa, West Asia, and through the Bay of Bengal to Southeast Asia and China. Rulers often tried to control these routes, maybe by offering protection for a fee....

Coins and Kings

Coins helped with trade too. Some of the earliest coins, made of silver and copper, were made around the sixth century BCE. These coins have been found at many places across India, and experts have studied them to understand how trade worked. Some coins had symbols that might show which kings issued them. Merchants, bankers, and people in towns might have also made coins. The first coins with names and pictures of rulers were made by the Indo-Greeks around the second century BCE....

FAQs on Class 12 History Notes Chapter 2 Towns and Trade

What were the major trade routes in ancient India?...