Primary Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Primary PEM occurs as a result of inadequate nutrient intake. Kwashiorkor, a common form in children from developing countries with poverty and food insecurity, is caused by protein deficiency and micronutrient imbalances. It is further of two types:

Kwashiorkor Disease

Kwashiorkor is one of the two main types of protein-energy malnutrition. It occurs when individuals have an extreme deficiency in protein and certain key micronutrients. This severe lack of protein leads to fluid retention in the tissues (edema), distinguishing kwashiorkor from other forms of malnutrition. The following are the signs and side effects of Kwashiorkor:

• Edema (enlarging with liquid, particularly in the lower legs and feet).
• Swollen stomach with ascites (a development of liquid in the stomach cavity).
• Dry, weak hair, balding
• Dermatitis — dry, stripping skin, layered patches or red patches.
• Expanded liver, a side effect of greasy liver infection.
• Loss of hunger (anorexia).
• Peevishness and weariness.
• Hindered development in kids.

Marasmus

Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition, specifically protein-energy undernutrition, resulting from a significant lack of calories. It involves a deficiency of all macronutrients: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Marasmus primarily affects children, especially infants, who need more calories for growth. It is more common in developing countries with widespread poverty and food scarcity, often worsened by parasites and infectious diseases.

The digestive system can deteriorate from disuse, impairing nutrient absorption and sometimes leading to food aversion. The following are the signs and side effects of Marasmus:

• Anorexia
• Conspicuous skeleton.
• Apparent squandering of fat and muscle.
• Head shows up huge for the body.
• Dry, free skin (skin decay).
• Depressed fontanelles in newborn children.
• Weight reduction of over 40%.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a condition resulting from inadequate intake of protein and calories, leading to severe health issues such as stunted growth, weakened immunity, and muscle wasting. Understanding protein-energy malnutrition causes and protein-energy malnutrition types helps in developing effective prevention and treatment strategies to combat malnutrition.

In this article, we will cover Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) classification, causes, symptoms, prevention, and management in detail.