Q9 Give a Comparison Between the following

• (a) C₃ and C₄ pathways
• (b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
• (c) Anatomy of leaf in C₃ and C₄ plants 

Answer: 

• (a) C₃ and C₄ pathways

C3 Pathway	C4 pathway
RuBP, a five-carbon molecule acts as the primary acceptor of CO 2 .	Phosphoenol pyruvate, a 3 Crabon compound acts as the primary acceptor of CO 2 .
The first stable product is 3-phosphoglycerate.	The first stable product is oxaloacetic acid
The leaves only consist of mesophyll cells.	The leaves consist of both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
Carbon fixation occurs very slowly in this.	Carbon fixation occurs very fast in this pathway

• (b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation	Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
It occurs only in Photosystem I.	This involves both Photosystem I and Photosystem ii.
ATP is synthesized during this process	ATP and NADPH2 are both formed during this process.
Oxygen is liberated during this process.	Oxygen is not liberated during this process.
The electrons circulate in a closed manner during this process.	Since this process is non-cyclic, the electrons do not move in a cyclic process.

•  (c) Anatomy of leaf in C₃ and C₄ plants 

C3 leaf Anatomy	C4 leaf Anatomy
The leaves of these plants do not have bundle sheath cells.	Bundle sheath cells are present in the leaves of this anatomy.
RuBISCo is present in the mesophyll cells.	RuBISCo is present only in the bundle sheath cells.
A three-carbon compound is the first stable product.	A four-carbon compound, oxaloacetic acid is the first stable product.
Photorespiration occurs in such plants.	Photorespiration does not occur in these plants.

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NCERT CBSE Chapter 11 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Solutions of Class 11 explains the basic principles of photosynthesis in plants. They will be introduced to the different components involved in the process, including chloroplasts, pigments, and enzymes. They will also learn about the light-dependent and light-independent reactions that occur during photosynthesis. Revise the basic concepts of Photosynthesis in Higher Plants for quick revision and class notes.