RNA Translation

Translation entails “decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and utilizing its information to synthesize a polypeptide, or amino acid chain. A polypeptide is essentially just a protein for most purposes (the technical difference is that some large proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains). 

In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process by which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum create proteins following the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell’s nucleus. Gene expression refers to the complete procedure. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated into a particular amino acid chain or polypeptide by a ribosome outside the nucleus. Later, the polypeptide is folded into an active protein and carries out its specific tasks within the cell. By stimulating the binding of complementary tRNA anticodon sequences to mRNA codons, the ribosome makes decoding easier. As the mRNA moves through and is “read” by the ribosome, the tRNAs transport certain amino acids that are strung together to form a polypeptide.

Translation takes place in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), where the big and small ribosomal subunits bond to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, a phenomenon known as co-translational translocation causes translation to take place in the cytoplasm or across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The new protein is generated and released into the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during co-translational translocation. The newly formed polypeptide can either be kept inside the ER for future vesicle transport and secretion outside the cell, or it can be secreted right away.

Many different kinds of transcribed RNA do not translate into proteins, including transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nuclear RNA. Many antibiotics work by preventing translation. These include tetracycline, chloramphenicol, anisomycin, cycloheximide, erythromycin, streptomycin, and puromycin. Antibiotics can target bacterial illnesses specifically without causing any damage to the cells of a eukaryotic host because prokaryotic ribosomes differ in structure from eukaryotic ribosomes.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

DNA is a polymer made up of two polynucleotide chains that wrap around one another to create a double helix. The polymer contains genetic instructions for all known organisms and viruses’ genesis, functioning, growth, and reproduction. Nucleic acids include DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Nucleic acids, together with proteins, lipids, and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), are one of the four primary categories of macromolecules required for all known forms of life. Because they are made up of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides, the two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides. Each nucleotide is made up of one of four nitrogen-containing nucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A], or thymine [T]), deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. Covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next nucleotide form a chain that results in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. To form double-stranded DNA, the nitrogenous bases of two distinct polynucleotide strands are joined together with hydrogen bonds according to base-pairing regulations (A with T and C with G). The complementary nitrogenous bases are classified as pyrimidines and purines. The pyrimidines in DNA are thymine and cytosine, whereas the purines are adenine and guanine. The identical biological information is stored in both strands of double-stranded DNA.

The Central Dogma, claims that once “information” has transferred into protein, it cannot be retrieved. In greater detail, information transmission from nucleic acid to the nucleic acid or nucleic acid to protein may be conceivable, but transfer from protein to protein or protein to nucleic acid is not. Here, information refers to the accurate identification of sequence, either of bases in the nucleic acid or amino acid residues in the protein.

There are three primary types of biopolymers: DNA, RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3 3 = 9 possible direct information exchanges between them. The dogma divides them into three groups of three: three general transfers (believed to occur naturally in most cells), two special transfers (known to occur, but only under certain conditions in the case of some viruses or in a laboratory), and four unknown transfers (believed never to occur). The general transfers define the typical flow of biological information: DNA may be transferred to DNA (DNA replication), DNA information can be translated into mRNA (transcription), and proteins can be produced using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).