Soil Formation
Soil formation is influenced by five primary factors: parent material, topography, climate, biological activity, and time. These factors interact with each other to shape the process of soil formation.
Parent Material
The parent material serves as a passive control factor in soil formation, comprising in-situ weathered rock debris (residual soils) or transported deposits (transported soils). Soil formation depends on the texture, structure, mineral composition, and chemical makeup of the parent material. The rate and nature of weathering, as well as the depth of the weathering mantle, are crucial considerations.
Topography
Topography, similar to parent materials, acts as another passive control factor. It influences soil formation through factors like sunlight exposure and drainage patterns. Soil thickness varies based on slope steepness, with thin soils on steep slopes and thicker soils on flat upland areas.
Climate
Climate is a significant active factor in soil formation, influencing soil development through elements like moisture and temperature. Moisture affects chemical and biological activities, while temperature influences chemical reactions and biological processes. Precipitation, temperature variations, and humidity levels play crucial roles in soil formation.
Biological Activity
Biological activity, including vegetation cover and soil organisms, contributes to soil formation by adding organic matter, aiding in moisture retention, and facilitating nitrogen fixation. Bacteria, plants, and soil organisms play vital roles in decomposing organic matter, enhancing soil fertility, and altering soil texture and chemistry.
Time
Time is the third important factor controlling soil formation. The duration of soil-forming processes determines the maturation of soils and the development of soil profiles. Soils become mature through prolonged exposure to soil-forming processes, resulting in well-developed soil horizons. The length of time required for soil development varies, with recently deposited materials considered young soils.
Overall, soil formation is a dynamic process influenced by the interaction of these factors, leading to the creation of diverse soil types and profiles.
Geomorphic Processes| Class 11 Geography Notes
The geomorphic process means bringing about changes in the configuration of the Earth’s surface. It happens due to the physical stresses and chemical actions on materials present on Earth. The physical and chemical actions happen due to different endogenic and exogenic forces.
In this article, we are going to discuss Geomorphic Processes in detail.
Geomorphic Processes| Class 11 Geography Notes