Stupas
Buddhist ideas and practices evolved through interactions with various traditions, resulting in the identification of sacred places. Since ancient times, certain locations, often with unique natural features or significant events, were considered sacred and adorned with small shrines known as chaityas. Buddhist literature mentions several such chaityas, including sites associated with key events in the Buddha’s life, such as his birth (Lumbini), enlightenment (Bodh Gaya), first sermon (Sarnath), and passing away (Kusinagara). These places gradually gained sacred status, with Asoka commemorating his visit to Lumbini by erecting a pillar.
Stupas, mounds containing relics of the Buddha or objects associated with him, were built at various sacred sites. While the tradition of erecting stupas may have predated Buddhism, they became closely associated with it. Asoka is said to have distributed portions of the Buddha’s relics and ordered the construction of stupas over them. Inscriptions on stupas record donations from kings, guilds, and individuals, including bhikkhus and bhikkhunis. The structure of stupas evolved from simple mounds to more elaborate forms, with a harmika representing the abode of gods and a mast topped with an umbrella. Stupas were typically adorned with stone railings and gateways, with worshippers circumambulating them in a clockwise direction.
Early stupas, like those at Sanchi and Bharhut, were plain except for richly carved gateways and stone railings resembling bamboo or wooden fences. Later stupas, such as those at Amaravati and Shahji-ki-Dheri, featured elaborate carvings and sculptures on the mound itself, depicting various scenes from Buddhist mythology.
Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings Cultural Developments| Class 12 History Notes
In this chapter, we embark on a journey spanning a millennium to explore the insights of philosophers as they sought to comprehend their world. We will delve into how their ideas were transmitted through oral and written texts, as well as expressed in architectural marvels and sculptures, reflecting the enduring impact of their thoughts on society.
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