Subsistence Strategies
If you examine Maps 1 and 2, you’ll notice that the Mature Harappan culture evolved within the regions previously occupied by the Early Harappan cultures. These cultures shared certain commonalities, including subsistence strategies. The Harappans had a diverse diet, incorporating various plant and animal products, with evidence derived from charred grains and seeds found at archaeological sites. Archaeo-botanists specialize in studying these ancient plant remains. Grains discovered at Harappan sites include wheat, barley, lentil, chickpea, sesame, and millets, with rice being relatively rare. Animal bones unearthed at Harappan sites indicate domesticated species like cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo, and pig, alongside bones of wild animals like boar, deer, and gharial. The presence of fish and fowl bones suggests the inclusion of aquatic and avian resources in their diet.
Regarding agricultural practices, it’s challenging to reconstruct precise techniques. Terracotta models of plows found at various sites imply the use of oxen for plowing. Evidence from Kalibangan suggests the cultivation of multiple crops in adjacent furrows. While stone blades and metal tools may have been utilized for harvesting, the specifics remain uncertain. Given that most Harappan sites were situated in semi-arid regions, irrigation was likely essential for agriculture. While traces of canals have been discovered at certain sites, like Shortughai in Afghanistan, evidence of canal systems in Punjab or Sind is scarce. Archaeologists speculate that ancient canals may have silted up over time, and water from wells and reservoirs, such as those found in Dholavira, Gujarat, might have supplemented irrigation efforts.
Chapter 1: Bricks,Beads and Bones| Class 12 Notes History
Crafted from a stone called steatite, Harappan seals typically feature animal motifs and symbols from a script that has yet to be deciphered. Despite the mystery surrounding the script, archaeologists have gleaned significant insights into the lives of the people inhabiting the region through the examination of their dwellings, pottery, jewelry, tools, and seals – collectively known as archaeological evidence.
This evidence serves as a window into the Harappan civilization, shedding light on various aspects of their society. However, while archaeological findings provide valuable insights, interpretations of these discoveries are subject to change as new evidence emerges. Although there are still unknown aspects of the civilization that may remain elusive, ongoing research continues to deepen our understanding of the Harappan civilization!