Tracking Social Differences
To discern potential social or economic disparities within a civilization, archaeologists often analyze burial practices. Unlike the grand pyramids of Egypt, which served as royal tombs, Harappan burials typically involved placing the deceased in pits, sometimes lined with bricks, though the significance of such variations remains uncertain. Graves occasionally contained pottery and ornaments, suggesting a belief in afterlife provisions. Jewelry has been unearthed in both male and female graves, with notable discoveries like a male burial containing intricate ornaments near the skull, including shell rings, a jasper bead, and numerous microbeads. While some burials included copper mirrors, the overall pattern suggests a reluctance to inter valuable items with the dead.
Another approach to discerning social stratification involves examining artifacts categorized as utilitarian or luxury items. Utilitarian objects, such as pottery and tools made from common materials, are widespread throughout settlements. Conversely, luxury items are often rare, made from expensive materials, or crafted using sophisticated techniques. For instance, small faience pots, likely considered precious due to their intricate production process, were predominantly found in larger settlements like Mohenjodaro and Harappa rather than smaller ones like Kalibangan. Similarly, gold artifacts, symbolizing rarity and value, were typically found in hoards rather than individual burials.
Chapter 1: Bricks,Beads and Bones| Class 12 Notes History
Crafted from a stone called steatite, Harappan seals typically feature animal motifs and symbols from a script that has yet to be deciphered. Despite the mystery surrounding the script, archaeologists have gleaned significant insights into the lives of the people inhabiting the region through the examination of their dwellings, pottery, jewelry, tools, and seals – collectively known as archaeological evidence.
This evidence serves as a window into the Harappan civilization, shedding light on various aspects of their society. However, while archaeological findings provide valuable insights, interpretations of these discoveries are subject to change as new evidence emerges. Although there are still unknown aspects of the civilization that may remain elusive, ongoing research continues to deepen our understanding of the Harappan civilization!