Trading Town in Pastoral Zone
After 2000 BCE, the royal capital of Mari thrived, positioned upstream on the Euphrates rather than on the fertile southern plain. The region around Mari was used for both agriculture and animal husbandry, with communities engaged in both activities. While some territories had both farmers and herders, pastoralism dominated, with sheep and goats being the primary focus.
The coexistence of farmers and herders led to both cooperation and conflict. Herders exchanged animal products like young animals, cheese, and leather for grain and metal tools from farmers. However, conflicts arose when herds damaged crops or when herders raided agricultural villages. Settled groups sometimes denied pastoralists access to water sources, leading to tensions.
Throughout Mesopotamian history, nomadic groups from the western desert migrated into the agricultural heartland. These groups, such as the Akkadians, Amorites, Assyrians, and Aramaeans, initially arrived as herders, laborers, or mercenaries, eventually settling down and establishing their own rule. The kings of Mari were Amorites who integrated into Mesopotamian society, respecting its gods while also worshiping Dagan, the god of the steppe.
Trade played a vital role in Mari’s prosperity, situated at a strategic location for trade between the south and the mineral-rich uplands. Goods like wood, copper, tin, oil, and wine were transported along the Euphrates, with Mari serving as a trading hub. Officials inspected cargo and levied charges before allowing boats to continue downstream. Notably, Mari traded with “Alashiya” (Cyprus) for copper and tin, essential for bronze production, highlighting the city’s economic significance despite its limited military strength.
Chapter 1: Trading Town in Pastoral Zone| Class 11 History Notes
Situated upstream on the Euphrates, away from the fertile southern plains, Mari emerged as a pivotal trading hub in the ancient world. Its strategic position facilitated commerce between pastoral communities and agricultural settlements, fostering a vibrant exchange of goods and services.
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Chapter 1: Trading Town in Pastoral Zone| Class 11 History Notes