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JavaScript ECMAScript 2016

Original JavaScript version numbers were ES5 (2009) and ES6 (2015)

New Features in ECMAScript 2016

This chapter introduces the new features in ECMAScript 2016:

  • JavaScript Exponentiation (**)
  • JavaScript Exponentiation assignment (**=)
  • JavaScript Array.prototype.includes

    • Exponentiation Operator

    The exponentiation operator (**) raises the first operand to the power of the second operand.

    Example

    let x = 5;
    let z = x ** 2;          // result is 25
    x ** y produces the same result as Math.pow(x, y):

    Example

    let x = 5;
    let z = Math.pow(x,2);   // result is 25

    Exponentiation Assignment

    exponentiation assignment

    **=

    Example

    let x = 5;
    x **= 2; // result 25

    Chrome 52 and Edge 14 was the first browsers to fully support the Exponentiation Operator:

    Chrome 52 Edge 14 Firefox 52 Safari 10.1 Opera 39
    Jul 2016 Aug 2016 Mar 2017 Mar 2017 Aug 2016

    JavaScript Array.includes()

    ECMAScript 2016 introduced Array.prototype.includes to arrays. This allows us to check if an element is present in an array:

    Example

    const fruits = ["Banana", "Orange", "Apple", "Mango"];

    fruits.includes("Mango"); // is true

    All modern browsers support Array.prototype.includes:

    Chrome 47 Edge 14 Firefox 43 Safari 9 Opera 34
    Dec 2015 Aug 2016 Dec 2015 Oct 2015 Dec 2015

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